1. Cnidarian envenomation should be suspected whenever pain or itching begins during or after contact with seawater

2. Apart from forensic applications, the assay will be useful in studying clinical aspects of envenomation and the use of Antivenenes.

3. The mortality rate for lancehead envenomations is 0.5–3% if the patient receives treatment and 7% if the patient does not receive treatment.

4. 18 The results suggest that the substances in the membrane-coated, electron- lucent granules in eosinophilic cells may be the key factor in the envenomation by Stingrays.

5. Deaths from respiratory failure due to severe neurotoxicity have been reported, but most victims will survive if prompt administration of antivenom is undertaken as soon as clinical signs of envenomation have been noted.

6. Four Antivenins are commercially available for acute envenomation: black widow spider antivenin, Centruroides (scorpion) immune [F(ab').sub.2] (equine), crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) (North American rattlesnake), and North American coral snake antivenin (equine).

7. Taipan Antivenom (equine IgG Fab) can be used to treat envenomation from the Taipan snakes in Australia and Papua New Guinea, these include the Costal Taipan, Papuan Taipan and the small-scaled or fierce snake

8. POLYSERP™ Antivenoms come in two broad-spectrum, regionally-specific formulations that are indicated for the treatment of neurotoxic, hemotoxic, and cytotoxic snake envenomations by all of the critical threat species in a given area without the need to identify the snake.

9. Antivenin (Crotalidae) polyvalent a serum containing specific venom-neutralizing globulins, produced by immunizing horses with venoms of the fer-de-lance and the western, eastern, and tropical rattlesnakes, used for treatment of envenomation by most pit vipers throughout the world.

10. POLYSERP™ Antivenoms are formulated to provide a single-source treatment option for cytotoxic, hemotoxic, and neurotoxic envenomations in the regions they cover, allowing for treatment to be given based on the clinical presentation of the patient without identification of the snake